American - Economist | November 7, 1943 -
In economies with excess productive capacity, targeted investment can yield a double benefit, generating short-run demand and boosting growth and productivity thereafter.
Michael Spence
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China's continued growth and rising household income are creating opportunities for lower-income economies in low-cost manufacturing.
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Developing economies may not have much control over the headwinds that they face today, but that does not mean that they are powerless. Much can be done not just to sustain moderate growth but also to secure a more prosperous and resilient future.
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There is no question that the recovery from the global recession triggered by the 2008 financial crisis has been unusually lengthy and anemic.
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Monetary policy should never have been expected to shift economies to a sustainably higher growth trajectory by itself.
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For highly indebted governments, low interest rates are critical to keep debt levels sustainable and ease pressure to restructure debt and recapitalize banks. The shift to a high sovereign-debt-yield equilibrium would make it impossible to achieve fiscal balance.
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My mother was strong-willed, demanding, and very supportive all at the same time.
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Next to my family, it seems clear to me that the educational institutions and the teachers from whom I had the privilege of learning were especially important.
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Education is, in the end, about individual interactions and about learning.
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Reforms aimed at increasing an economy's flexibility are always hard - and even more so at a time of weak growth - because they require eliminating protections for vested interests in the short term for the sake of greater long-term prosperity.
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Properly targeted public investment can do much to boost economic performance, generating aggregate demand quickly, fueling productivity growth by improving human capital, encouraging technological innovation, and spurring private-sector investment by increasing returns.
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China's economic transformation began with the introduction in the 1980s of market incentives in the agricultural sector. These reforms were followed by a gradual opening to the global economy, a process that accelerated in the early 1990s.
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